
雨在下落的過程中不斷蒸發,落到地面前經已消失,看似縷縷輕絲垂於雲底之下,稱為「雨旛」﹝virga﹞。
"[N]o matter how many instances of white swans we may have observed, this does not justify the conclusion that all swans are white."
"[E]xperience[...]can in the first place be only a singular statement and not a universal one. [...]Thus to ask whether there are natural laws known to be true appears to be only another way of asking whether inductive inferences are logically justified."
"[P]rinciple of induction must be a synthetic statement[...It] must be a universal statement. [...]To justify it, we should have to employ inductive inferences; and to justify these we should have to assume an inductive principle of a higher order[...T]he attempt to base the principle of induction on experience breaks down, since it must lead to an infinite regress."
"[T]here is no such thing as a logical method of having new ideas[...E]very discovery contains 'an irrational element', or 'a creative intuition'[...]"
"[I]nference to theories, from singular statement which are verified by 'experience'[...]is logically inadmissible. Theories are, therefore, never empirically verifiable[...N]ot the verifiability but the falsifiability of a system is to be taken as a criterion of demarcation."
"Science is not a system of certain, or well-established, statements; nor is it a system which steadily advances towards a state of finality[...] We do not know: we can only guess. And our guesses are guided by the unscientific, the metaphysical[...]faith in laws, in regularities which we can uncover - discover."
To Benoît Mandelbrot,
a Greek among Romans
'Clouds are not spheres, mountains are not cones, coastlines are not circles, and bark is not smooth, nor does lightning travel in a straight line.' ── Benoît Mandelbrot (1924-2010) |